If a company has wronged you—whether as a consumer, employee, or business partner—you have the right to seek justice.
Indian law provides multiple pathways to take legal action, but the process can feel overwhelming if you are unfamiliar with it.
This detailed guide answers the most common questions people ask when considering a lawsuit against a company in India.
General Process Questions
1. How can I file a lawsuit against a company in India?
To file a lawsuit, first identify the nature of the dispute—consumer complaint, breach of contract, employment issue, or criminal offence.
Engage a qualified lawyer, gather supporting evidence, and decide the appropriate forum: Consumer Court, Civil Court, Labour Court, or Criminal Court.
The lawyer will draft a plaint (written complaint) and submit it along with the court fee and required documents.
2. What is the step-by-step legal process to sue a company in India?
Step 1: Send a Legal Notice – A formal notice gives the company a chance to resolve the issue.
Step 2: Draft the Plaint or Complaint – Your lawyer prepares a statement of facts, claims, and relief sought.
Step 3: File in the Correct Court/Forum – Submit the plaint with supporting documents and pay the filing fee.
Step 4: Admission & Summons – The court admits the case and issues summons to the company.
Step 5: Hearings & Evidence – Both sides present evidence and witnesses.
Step 6: Judgment & Decree – The court delivers its verdict and, if in your favour, issues a decree for compensation or other relief.
3. Which court has jurisdiction to hear a case against a company?
Jurisdiction depends on where the cause of action arose (e.g., where the contract was signed or the transaction took place) and the monetary value of the claim.
For example:
- District or High Court for civil suits.
- Consumer Disputes Redressal Commissions (District, State, or National) for consumer matters.
- Labour Court for employment issues.
- Criminal Courts for fraud or cheating.
4. How long does it take to sue a company in India?
The duration varies widely.
A consumer complaint might conclude within 6 to 18 months, while a complex civil or criminal case can take 2–5 years or more.
Timelines depend on court workload, complexity of evidence, and whether appeals are filed.
Consumer & Contract Issues
5. How to file a complaint against a company in the Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission?
- Draft a written complaint with details of the defect or deficiency in service.
- Attach purchase receipts, invoices, or contracts as evidence.
- File it at the District Commission if the claim value is up to ₹50 lakh, State Commission up to ₹2 crore, or National Commission above ₹2 crore.
- Pay the nominal fee and attend hearings.
6. What documents are required to sue a company for breach of contract?
Essential documents include:
- Original contract or agreement.
- Proof of payments or transactions.
- Any correspondence (emails, letters) showing breach.
- Identity and address proof of the plaintiff.
7. Can a customer sue a company for defective products or poor service in India?
Absolutely.
Under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, customers can claim a refund, replacement, or compensation for defective goods, delayed delivery, or deficient service.
Notices & Evidence
8. How do I draft and send a legal notice to a company before filing a case?
Hire a lawyer to prepare a clear notice stating:
- Details of the grievance.
- Legal provisions violated.
- Specific relief sought and a deadline (usually 15–30 days) for the company to respond.
Send it via registered post with acknowledgment or through an authorised courier/email as advised.
9. What evidence is needed to prove a claim against a company in court?
Evidence may include:
- Invoices, bills, or payment receipts.
- Written agreements or contracts.
- Emails, letters, or chat transcripts.
- Photographs, videos, or expert reports in case of product defects.
- Witness statements where applicable.
Special Situations
10. How to take legal action against a company for fraud or cheating?
Fraud is a criminal offence under the Indian Penal Code.
You can:
- File a First Information Report (FIR) at the local police station.
- Provide documentary proof of the fraudulent act.
- Pursue a criminal trial while also filing a civil suit for recovery of money if needed.
11. Can an employee sue an employer company for unpaid salary or wrongful termination?
Yes.
An employee may approach the Labour Court, Industrial Tribunal, or appropriate civil court depending on the nature of employment.
Maintain salary slips, employment contract, termination letter, and any communications related to the dispute.
12. What is the procedure to lodge an FIR against a company for criminal acts?
Visit the nearest police station, explain the incident, and submit evidence.
If the police refuse to register the FIR, you can approach the Magistrate under Section 156(3) CrPC to direct the police to investigate.
Key Takeaways
- Start with a legal notice—many disputes settle once the company realises you are serious.
- Choose the correct forum—Consumer Court, Civil Court, Labour Court, or Criminal Court.
- Keep detailed records—receipts, contracts, and communication history strengthen your case.
- Seek professional legal advice—a qualified advocate ensures compliance with procedural rules and improves the chances of a favourable outcome.
Final Word
Suing a company in India requires patience, proper documentation, and a clear understanding of jurisdiction.
Whether you are a consumer facing defective products, an employee denied rightful wages, or a business partner dealing with a breach of contract, the Indian legal system provides avenues for justice.
By following the steps outlined above and consulting a competent lawyer, you can confidently protect your rights and hold any company accountable for its actions.
