hindi grammer
hindi grammer
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Hindi Grammar (हिन्दी व्याकरण): Rules, Types & Complete Guide 2025 in Hindi

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Hindi ek bahut hi samriddh aur lokpriya bhasha hai jo Bharat ke alawa Nepal, Mauritius, Fiji, Suriname, aur aur bhi kai deshon me boli jaati hai. Bharat ki rashtrabhasha ke roop me iski ek vishesh pahchan hai. Agar hum sahi tarike se Hindi bolna, likhna ya samajhna chahte hain to hume Hindi Grammar (हिन्दी व्याकरण) ki samajh honi bahut zaroori hai.

👉 Vyakaran kya karta hai?
Socho agar koi shabd galat tarike se likha jaye, ya sentence me shabdon ka sahi order na ho, to uska matlab hi badal jaata hai. Jaise:

  • “Ram ne Shyam ko mara.”
  • “Shyam ne Ram ko mara.”

Sirf do shabdon ki position badalne se pura meaning badal gaya. Isi liye grammar ek framework hai jo language ko discipline deta hai.

Hindi Grammar ke bina Hindi bhasha adhoori hai. Jaise ek building ke liye naksha aur majboot buniyad zaroori hoti hai, waise hi bhasha ke liye grammar ka hona anivarya hai.

Table of Contents

Historical Importance

Hindi Grammar ka vikas prachin samay se hua hai. Panini ne Sanskrit grammar ka jo framework diya, usi se prerit hokar Hindi grammar ke niyam bane. Hindi sahitya ke kavi jaise Tulsidas, Surdas, aur Kabir ne bhi apne rachnaon me vyakaran ki sundarta ko pradarshit kiya.

Aaj ke Samay Me Role

Aaj ke digital yug me, jaha communication sabse badi power hai, wahaan Hindi Grammar aur bhi important ho gaya hai. Chahe aap student ho, teacher ho, writer ho, ya kisi exam ki taiyari kar rahe ho – Hindi Grammar aapki language skills ko majboot banata hai.

Is article me hum step by step Hindi grammar ke sabhi topics samjhenge, jisme simple definition, examples aur easy tricks di jayengi.

hindi grammer
hindi grammer

Part 2: Hindi Grammar Kya Hai? (Definition + Importance)

Hindi Grammar (हिन्दी व्याकरण) ek aise niyamon ka samuh hai jo Hindi bhasha ke shabdon, vakyon aur vakya-rashiyon ke sahi prayog ko batata hai.

👉 Simple shabdon me:
“Hindi Grammar wahi hai jo Hindi bhasha ko sahi, shuddh aur samvedansheel roop me bolne aur likhne ka gyaan deta hai.”

Hindi Grammar ka Basic Structure

  1. Shabdon ka Gyaan (Word Knowledge)
    • Kaun sa shabd kahan use karna hai.
    • Shabd ke alag-alag roop aur arth.
  2. Vakya ka Gyaan (Sentence Knowledge)
    • Sentence me shabdon ki sahi position.
    • Vakya ke prakar (saral, sanyukt, mishrit).
  3. Arth ka Gyaan (Meaning Knowledge)
    • Vakya ka arth context ke hisaab se kaise badalta hai.

Hindi Grammar vs English Grammar

Kai students sochte hain ki Hindi grammar English grammar jaisa hi hai. Lekin asal me dono me kuch major differences hain:

  • English me word order (Subject + Verb + Object) fixed hota hai, jabki Hindi me thoda flexible hota hai.
  • Hindi me gender aur vachan ka concept zyada strong hai.
  • Hindi me sandhi aur samas jaise topics hote hain jo English me nahi hote.

Hindi Grammar Ki Zarurat Kyon Hai?

  1. Sahi Likhan aur Bhashan ke Liye – Agar vyakaran sahi nahi aata to hum apni baat ko sahi tarike se vyakt nahi kar paate.
  2. Competitive Exams – SSC, UPSC, State PCS, TET, CTET jaise exams me Hindi vyakaran ek fixed subject hota hai.
  3. Sahitya aur Lekhan – Writers aur poets ke liye vyakaran ek weapon hai jo unki rachnaon ko aur attractive banata hai.
  4. Rozmarra Zindagi – Daily conversation me bhi grammar galat ho to dusre insaan par galat impression padta hai.

Example to Understand

Sochiye agar koi kahe:

  • “Main bazaar gaya.” ✅ (Correct)
  • “Main gaya bazaar.” (Thoda alag lagta hai lekin samajh me aata hai)
  • “Bazaar main gaya.” ❌ (Galat lagta hai aur meaning clear nahi hota)

Ye chhoti chhoti baatein hi grammar ke niyam samjhati hain.

Part 3: Hindi Grammar ke Mukhya Ang (Main Parts of Hindi Grammar)

Hindi Grammar ko samajhne ke liye sabse pehle hume uske basic pillars samajhne honge. Agar aap ek building socho, to grammar uske foundation aur structure ki tarah hai. Agar foundation strong nahi hai to building kabhi bhi gir sakti hai. Isi tarah agar vyakaran ka gyaan nahi hai to bhasha ka use bhi galat ho jaata hai.

Hindi Vyakaran ke ye mukhya ang hote hain:

1. वर्ण-विचार (Varna Vichar)

Varna bhasha ka sabse chhota sound unit hota hai jiska apna ek alag uchcharan hota hai. Jaise – अ, आ, क, ख.

Hindi Varnamala

Hindi me kul 44 varna hote hain:

  • Swar (11) – अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ
  • Vyanjan (33) – क se लेकर ह tak ke sab akshar

Swar ki Bhed

  • Hrasva Swar – छोटे swar (अ, इ, उ, ऋ)
  • Deergh Swar – लंबे swar (आ, ई, ऊ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ)

Vyanjan ki Bhed

  • Sparsh Vyanjan – क, ख, ग, घ …
  • Antastha Vyanjan – य, र, ल, व
  • Ushma Vyanjan – श, ष, स, ह

👉 Example:
Shabd “किताब” me कुल 3 varna hain – कि + ता + ब.

2. शब्द-विचार (Shabd Vichar)

Shabd bhasha ki sabse basic unit hoti hai jo arth pradan karti hai.

Shabdon ke Bhed

  1. Tatsam – Sanskrit se liya gaya bina badlaav ka shabd. (उदाहरण: सूर्य, जल, अग्नि)
  2. Tadbhav – Sanskrit se aaye lekin thoda badal gaye. (उदाहरण: सूरज, आग, पानी)
  3. Deshaj – Hindi ke apne shabd. (उदाहरण: टोकरी, आलू)
  4. Videshi – Foreign origin ke shabd. (उदाहरण: कमेटी, टेबल, स्कूल)
  5. Sankarit – Mix shabd jo do bhashao se bante hain.

👉 Example:

  • सूर्य (Tatsam)
  • सूरज (Tadbhav)

3. संधि (Sandhi)

Do shabdon ke milne par jo badlaav hota hai use Sandhi kehte hain.

Sandhi ke Prakar

  1. Swar Sandhi – Do swaron ke milne par badlav.
    • उदाहरण: राम + इश्वर = रामेश्वर
  2. Vyanjan Sandhi – Do vyanjanon ke milne par badlav.
    • उदाहरण: सत + चित = सच्चिदानंद
  3. Visarga Sandhi – Visarga (ः) ke hone par badlav.
    • उदाहरण: लोकः + इति = लोकेति

👉 Sandhi ka role sentence ko fluency dena hai.

4. समास (Samas)

Do ya do se zyada shabdon ke judne se jo naya shabd banta hai use Samas kehte hain.

Samas ke Prakar

  1. Dwand Samas – Dono shabdon ka barabar yogdan.
    • उदाहरण: माता-पिता, दिन-रात
  2. Tatpurush Samas – Dusre shabd par pehle ka adhik prabhav.
    • उदाहरण: राजपुत्र (राजा का पुत्र)
  3. Bahuvrihi Samas – Naya shabd dusre arth deta hai.
    • उदाहरण: चतुर्भुज (जिसके चार भुजाएँ हों)
  4. Avyayibhav Samas – Avyaya shabd se judkar bana.
    • उदाहरण: उपकार, प्रतिदिन

👉 Example:
“राजपुत्र” ek Tatpurush Samas hai jiska arth hai राजा का पुत्र.

5. शब्द-रचना (Shabd Rachna)

Naye shabdon ki rachna do tarike se hoti hai:

(i) Upasarg (Prefix)

Jab kisi shabd ke pehle kuch akshar jod kar uska arth badla jata hai.

  • उदाहरण: उप + कार = उपकार
  • प्र + गमन = प्रगमन

(ii) Pratyay (Suffix)

Jab kisi shabd ke pichhe kuch akshar jod diye jayein.

  • उदाहरण: बालक + ता = बालकता
  • ज्ञ + न = ज्ञान

👉 Example:
“अन्याय” me अन- ek Upasarg hai jo “न्याय” ka opposite bana deta hai.

6. अलंकार (Alankar)

Alankar ka arth hai – shabdon ki shobha badhana. Hindi kavya me alankar se sundarta badh jaati hai.

Alankar ke Prakar

  1. Shabd Alankar
    • Anupras (एक ही अक्षर ka repetition) – चंचल चितवन, चंचल चित्ता
    • Yamaka – Ek hi shabd ka do baar alag-alag arth me aana.
  2. Arth Alankar
    • Upma – Tulna karna (राम शेर के समान वीर है)
    • Rupak – Poore shabd ko metaphor banana (वह चाँद है)
    • Utpreksha – Kalpana (पवन ऐसे चल रहा है जैसे घोड़ा दौड़ रहा हो)

👉 Example:
“तेरी आँखें दीपक हैं” – yahan Rupak Alankar hai.

7. रस (Ras)

Kavya me bhavnaon ko vyakt karne ke liye Ras ka upyog hota hai.

Ras ke Prakar

  1. Shringar Ras – Prem aur sundarta (Radha-Krishna ki kavitayein)
  2. Veer Ras – Sahas aur shaurya (Maharana Pratap ki kahaniyan)
  3. Karuna Ras – Dukhad bhavna (Harishchandra ki katha)
  4. Hasya Ras – Hansi aur vyangya
  5. Raudra Ras – Krodh
  6. Bhayanak Ras – Dar aur bhay
  7. Adbhut Ras – Aashcharya
  8. Shant Ras – Shaanti aur samvedna

👉 Example:
“वीर तुम बढ़े चलो” – yahan Veer Ras prakat ho raha hai.

8. वाक्य-विचार (Vakya Vichar)

Vakya = Shabdon ka aisa sangrah jo pura arth pradan kare.

Vakya ke Bhed

  1. Arth ke aadhar par
    • Vidhi Vakya – आदेश dene wala (तुम आओ)
    • Prashn Vakya – प्रश्न puchhne wala (क्या तुम आओगे?)
    • Vismayadi Vakya – आश्चर्य dikhane wala (वाह! कितना सुंदर है)
  2. Rachna ke aadhar par
    • Saral Vakya – Ek arth wala. (राम विद्यालय गया।)
    • Sanyukt Vakya – Do ya zyada vakya. (राम विद्यालय गया और श्याम बाजार गया।)
    • Mishrit Vakya – Do alag clauses jisme ek doosre par nirbhar. (यदि वर्षा होगी तो हम नहीं जाएंगे।)

👉 Example:
“यदि बारिश होगी तो हम घर पर रहेंगे।” – Yeh Mishrit Vakya hai.

Part 4: Hindi Grammar Ki Importance (हिन्दी व्याकरण का महत्त्व)

Hindi Grammar ko samajhna aur use apply karna har Hindi bolne wale vyakti ke liye bahut zaroori hai. Agar vyakaran na ho to bhasha ka sahi roop kabhi samne nahi aa sakta.

1. Bhasha Ko Sudh Aur Shuddh Banana

Vyakaran se hume sahi roop me shabdon ka gyaan hota hai. Jab hum shuddh bhasha bolte hain to sunne wala easily samajh jata hai aur galat arth nahi nikalta.

👉 Example:

  • “Main kal school jaunga.” ✅
  • “Kal main school jaunga.” ✅ (acceptable)
  • “School main jaunga kal.” ❌ (awkward & wrong usage)

Grammar ke niyam hi batate hain ki shabdon ko kaise arrange karna hai.

2. Communication Skills Ko Strong Banana

Hindi ek aisi bhasha hai jo Bharat ke maximum states me boli jaati hai. Agar aap vyakaran ke niyam samajh jaate hain to aapka communication clear aur impressive hota hai.

  • Students ke liye: Hindi exams me marks improve hote hain.
  • Teachers ke liye: Sahi padhaana easy ho jata hai.
  • Professionals ke liye: Formal letters aur official communication shuddh hoti hai.

3. Competitive Exams Me Importance

Lagbhag sabhi government exams me Hindi Grammar ka alag section hota hai jaise:

  • UPSC, SSC, Railways
  • CTET, TET, Police Exams
  • State PCS aur other entrance tests

Yahan par Sandhi, Samas, Alankar, Ras, Vakya-Vichar se related objective questions aate hain.

4. Sahitya Aur Lekhan Me Upyog

Kavi, lekhak aur patrakar ke liye vyakaran ek sword ki tarah hai jo unke shabdon ko shakti deta hai.

  • Kavya me alankar aur ras ke bina sundarta adhoori hai.
  • Kahani aur nibandh me vyakaran ka gyaan pathak ko engage karta hai.

👉 Jaise Tulsidas ki Ramcharitmanas aur Surdas ki kavitayein vyakaran ke niyam ke bina utni prabhavshali nahi hoti.

5. Rozmarra Jeevan Me Upyog

Daily life me bhi grammar important hai. Socho agar aap ek simple message likhte ho aur vyakaran galat hota hai to samne wala confuse ho jata hai.

Example:

  • “Mujhe kal milna hai.” ✅
  • “Mujhe milna hai kal.” (samajhne me dikkat)

Isliye grammar ek backbone hai jo humare roz ke conversations me clarity lata hai.

✅ Conclusion of Importance:
Hindi Grammar ek navigation system ki tarah hai jo Hindi bhasha ko sahi raasta dikhata hai. Without vyakaran, Hindi language apni asli sundarta aur shakti kho deti hai.

Part 5: Hindi Grammar Seekhne Ke Tips (हिन्दी व्याकरण सीखने के उपाय)

Bahut se students aur learners sochte hain ki Hindi grammar tough hai, lekin agar aap systematic way me seekhen to ye bahut easy ho jaata hai.

1. Daily Reading Habit Develop Kijiye

Roz Hindi newspaper, kahaniyan, aur patrika padhne ki aadat daaliye. Isse shabdon ka prayog, vakya gathan aur alankar easily samajh me aata hai.

👉 Tip: Editorial aur literature section padhiye, kyunki yahan grammar ka natural use hota hai.

2. Practice, Practice aur Practice

Vyakaran ek practical subject hai. Jitni zyada practice karenge utna better hoga.

  • Roz 10–15 vakya likhiye aur unka analysis kijiye.
  • Sandhi aur Samas ke alag-alag examples banaiye.

3. Basic to Advanced Approach Follow Kijiye

Sabse pehle varna aur shabd vichar samajhiye, phir sandhi aur samas, aur last me alankar aur ras.
Agar aap directly alankar seekhne lagenge to confusion hoga.

4. Hindi Grammar Ki Books Ka Use Kijiye

Market me kai achhi books available hain jaise:

  • “Hindi Vyakaran aur Rachna” – Ramdev Verma
  • “Samanya Hindi” – Hardev Bahri
  • “Hindi Grammar Made Easy” – Students edition

Yeh books beginners ke liye best hain.

5. Online Resources Aur Apps Use Kijiye

Aaj ke time me bahut saare Hindi learning apps aur YouTube channels available hain jo simple tarike se grammar sikhate hain.

👉 Example:

  • Hindi Grammar Quiz Apps
  • Online MCQs Practice
  • E-learning websites

6. Common Mistakes Ko Note Kijiye

Jab bhi aap grammar seekh rahe ho aur koi mistake hoti hai, usse note down kijiye. Ye mistakes baar-baar repeat karne se bachi jaa sakti hain.

7. Speaking + Writing Dono Par Dhyaan Dijiye

Sirf likhne par focus karne se grammar weak ho sakta hai. Roz thoda Hindi me bolne ki practice kijiye, jisse sentence structure naturally improve ho jaaye.

✅ Conclusion of Tips:
Hindi grammar seekhne ka best formula hai – Roz thoda padhai + thodi practice + thoda bolna. Agar aap ye routine bana lete ho to within 2–3 months me aapka grammar strong ho jayega.

6. हिन्दी व्याकरण ke अन्य महत्त्वपूर्ण अंश

Ab tak humne वर्ण-विचार, संधि, समास, शब्द-रचना, संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, विशेषण aur क्रिया ke bare me detail me jaana. Lekin Hindi Grammar bahut vast hai, aur isme kuch aur important topics bhi hote hain jo competitive exams, school syllabus aur writing me kaam aate hain. Chaliye unhe bhi detail me samajhte hain:

6.1 अव्यय (Avyay)

  • अव्यय wo shabd hote hain jo apna रूप badalte nahi hain.
  • Ye लिंग, वचन, पुरुष, कारक, काल ke anusar badalte nahi.
  • Mostly ye adverbs (क्रियाविशेषण), conjunctions (समुच्चयबोधक), prepositions (सम्बन्धबोधक), particles (निपात) me aate hain.

👉 Examples:

  • अभी (Abhi)
  • वहां (Wahan)
  • क्योंकि (Kyonki)
  • परंतु (Parantu)
  • केवल (Keval)

6.2 क्रियाविशेषण (Kriya Visheshan)

Ye shabd kriya ko qualify karte hain. Matlab kriya ke bare me adhik jaankari dete hain – jaise kaise hua, kab hua, kahan hua.

👉 Types of Kriya Visheshan:

  1. कालवाचक – Samay batate hain (जैसे: आज, कल, अभी, तुरंत)
  2. स्थानवाचक – Jagah batate hain (जैसे: यहां, वहां, बाहर, भीतर)
  3. रीतिवाचक – Kaise kriya hui (जैसे: धीरे, जल्दी, अच्छे से)
  4. परिमाणवाचक – Kitna hua (जैसे: थोड़ा, ज्यादा, पूर्णतः)
  5. निश्चयवाचक – Pakka hone ki baat (जैसे: अवश्य, निश्चित रूप से)

6.3 वाच्य (Vaachya)

Hindi me vaachya ka arth hai – kriya aur kartaa ke beech sambandh.

👉 Types of Vaachya:

  1. कर्तृवाच्य – Jab karta hi kriya karta hai.
    • उदाहरण: राम खाना खाता है। (Ram khana khata hai.)
  2. कर्मवाच्य – Jab karm par jor diya jata hai.
    • उदाहरण: खाना राम द्वारा खाया जाता है। (Khana Ram dvara khaya jata hai.)
  3. भाववाच्य – Jab na karta dikhaya jaye na karm. Sirf kriya ka भाव ho.
    • उदाहरण: यहाँ खाना खाया जाता है। (Yahan khana khaya jata hai.)

6.4 वचन (Vachan)

  • एकवचन (Singular) – Jab ek vastu ya vyakti ho.
    👉 Example: लड़का, किताब, फूल
  • बहुवचन (Plural) – Jab ek se zyada ho.
    👉 Example: लड़के, किताबें, फूलों

6.5 लिंग (Ling)

  • पुल्लिंग – Jo shabd mard ya purush jaati ke liye ho.
    👉 Example: लड़का, आदमी, राजा
  • स्त्रीलिंग – Jo mahila ya stri jaati ke liye ho.
    👉 Example: लड़की, औरत, रानी

6.6 कारक (Kaarak)

Hindi me कारक matlab hai – karta aur kriya ke beech sambandh. Ye mostly vibhakti dwara dikhaya jata hai.

👉 Types of Kaarak (with examples):

  1. कर्ता कारक – Jo kriya karta hai.
    • राम ने खाना खाया।
  2. कर्म कारक – Jo kriya ka bhog karta hai.
    • राम ने फल खाया।
  3. करण कारक – Jiske dwara kriya hoti hai.
    • राम ने चाकू से फल काटा।
  4. सम्प्रदान कारक – Jiske liye kriya hoti hai.
    • राम ने सीता को किताब दी।
  5. अपादान कारक – Jisme se kriya alag hoti hai.
    • राम ने पेड़ से फल तोड़ा।
  6. संबंध कारक – Jiska sambandh hota hai.
    • राम का घर।
  7. अधिकरण कारक – Jahan kriya hoti hai.
    • राम घर में बैठा है।

6.7 वाक्य (Sentence in Hindi Grammar)

Vaky ka matlab hai – poora aur spasht arth dene wali shabd-rचना.

👉 Types of Sentences:

  1. वर्णनात्मक (Declarative) – Samanya vaakya.
    • राम स्कूल जाता है।
  2. प्रश्नवाचक (Interrogative) – Sawal puchne wala.
    • क्या तुम स्कूल जाओगे?
  3. आज्ञार्थक (Imperative) – Aadesh ya prarthna karne wala.
    • दरवाज़ा खोलो।
  4. विस्मयादिबोधक (Exclamatory) – Ashcharya ya bhavna dikhane wala.
    • वाह! कितना सुंदर है।

6.8 अलंकार (Figures of Speech in Hindi)

Aalankaar ka matlab hai – shabd ya arth ko sundar banana.

👉 Types:

  • शब्दालंकार – Jab shabd ke sound se sundarta aaye.
    • उदाहरण: अनुप्रास (रवि रश्मि रथ)
  • अर्थालंकार – Jab arth se sundarta aaye.
    • उदाहरण: उपमा (राम शेर जैसा वीर है)

6.9 रस (Rasa in Hindi Literature)

Ras ka matlab hai – kavita ya sahitya me pathak ya shrota ke man me jagi bhavna.

👉 Types of Ras:

  1. श्रृंगार (Prem, Sundarta)
  2. वीर (Bahaduri)
  3. करुण (Dukh)
  4. हास्य (Hansi)
  5. रौद्र (Krodh)
  6. वीभत्स (Ghinn)
  7. अद्भुत (Aashcharya)
  8. भयानक (Dar)
  9. शांति (Shaanti)

6.10 छंद (Chhand)

  • Chhand ka matlab hai – kavita ki laya ya rhythm.
  • Isme matra aur ginti ka niyam hota hai.

👉 Example:
“चल रे चल रे मुसाफिर चल,
अब दिन बीते जाई।”

7. हिन्दी व्याकरण ka महत्त्व (Importance of Hindi Grammar)

  • Bina grammar ke koi bhi language अधूरी hai.
  • Hindi Grammar hume sahi likhna, padhna aur bolna sikhata hai.
  • Competitive exams jaise UPSC, SSC, CTET, State PSCs me Hindi Grammar se questions hamesha aate hain.
  • School aur college ke syllabus me ye core subject hai.
  • Lekhak aur kaviyon ke liye bhi Grammar bahut important hai, kyunki bina grammar ke sahitya me shuddhata nahi aati.

12. समास (Samaas)

Hindi Grammar ka ek important topic hai समास, jismein do ya do se adhik shabdon ko mila kar ek naya shabd banaya jaata hai. Samaas ke prakar:

  1. द्वंद्व समास – Do shabdon ka yog jisme dono ka barabar ka mahatva hota hai.
    • Example: Ram-Lakhan (राम और लक्ष्मण)
  2. द्विगु समास – Sankhya ya ganana wale shabdon ka yog.
    • Example: Panchratna (पाँच रत्न)
  3. बहुव्रीहि समास – Jisme naya shabd kisi aur vastu/ vyakti ke liye hota hai.
    • Example: Chaturbhuj (जिसके चार भुजाएँ हों)
  4. अव्ययीभाव समास – Jismein ek avayav (avyaya shabd) hota hai.
    • Example: Upkaran (up + karan)

13. वाक्य और उसके भेद (Sentence and Types)

Hindi mein वाक्य (Vakya) shabdon ka aisa sangrah hai jo ek poori aur spasht soch ko prastut kare.

Vakya ke pramukh bhed:

  1. वर्णनात्मक वाक्य (Declarative Sentence) – Jo kisi baat ko batata hai.
    • Example: “Ram school gaya.”
  2. प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य (Interrogative Sentence) – Jo prashna karta hai.
    • Example: “Tum kahan ja rahe ho?”
  3. आज्ञार्थक वाक्य (Imperative Sentence) – Jo aadesh, anurodh ya prarthana vyakt karta hai.
    • Example: “Darwaza band karo.”
  4. विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य (Exclamatory Sentence) – Jo ashcharya ya bhavna ko vyakt kare.
    • Example: “Wah! Kitna sundar drishya hai!”

14. उपसर्ग और प्रत्यय (Prefix and Suffix)

उपसर्ग (Prefix)

Jo shabd ke shuruat mein jodkar naya arth banate hain.

  • Example: अ- (असत्य), नि- (निराश), प्र- (प्रगति)

प्रत्यय (Suffix)

Pratyay Jo shabd ke ant mein jodkar uska roop ya arth badalte hain.

  • Example: -ता (सुंदरता), -पन (बचपन), -ई (लड़की)

15. शब्द निर्माण (Word Formation)

Hindi mein shabd nirmaan ke kai tarike hote hain:

  • तद्धित – Pratyay jodkar bane shabd (जैसे – राजा + नी → रानी)
  • कृदंत – Dhatu se bane shabd (जैसे – खाना → खाने वाला)
  • समास – Do shabdon ko mila kar (जैसे – राजपथ, जलपान)

16. संख्या (Numbers in Hindi Grammar)

Hindi mein sankhya ko do prakar mein baanta jaata hai:

  1. परिमाणवाचक संख्या (Cardinal Numbers) – Jismein sankhya ki matra batayi jaati hai.
    • Example: Ek, Do, Teen, Chaar
  2. क्रमवाचक संख्या (Ordinal Numbers) – Jismein kram ya order bataya jaata hai.
    • Example: Pratham, Dwitiya, Tritiya

17. अलंकार (Figures of Speech in Hindi)

Hindi sahitya mein अलंकार (Alankaar) shabdon ka shringar hota hai. Ye kavya aur rachna ko sundarta dete hain.

Alankar ke bhed:

  1. शब्दालंकार – Jab shabd ki sundarta par zor ho.
    • Example: Anupras (alliteration), Yamaka (repetition)
  2. अर्थालंकार – Jab arth ki sundarta par zor ho.
    • Example: उपमा (simile), रूपक (metaphor), अतिशयोक्ति (exaggeration)

18. संधि (Sandhi in Hindi Grammar)

Sandhi ka matlab hai – do aksharon ke milan se hone wala badlaav.

Sandhi ke prakar:

  1. स्वर संधि – Do swaron ke milne par hone wala badlaav.
    • Example: राम + ईश्वर = रामेश्वर
  2. व्यंजन संधि – Do vyanjan ke milne par hone wala badlaav.
    • Example: सत् + गुण = सद्गुण
  3. विसर्ग संधि – विसर्ग (ः) ke baad hone wala badlaav.
    • Example: लोकः + ईशः = लोकेशः

19. अनुच्छेद लेखन (Paragraph Writing in Hindi Grammar)

Hindi Grammar ka ek practical hissa hai अनुच्छेद लेखन.

  • Ek अनुच्छेद mein ek vishay par lagbhag 80–120 shabdon ka sankshipt aur spasht varnan hota hai.
  • Usmein आरंभ, मध्य aur अंत hona chahiye.
  • Bhasha saral aur spasht rahe.

Example Topic: “पर्यावरण संरक्षण”
👉 “Pariyavaran humein prakriti ka anmol uphaar hai. Iski raksha ke bina jeevan asambhav hai. Humein ped lagane chahiye, jal aur bijli ki bachat karni chahiye aur pradushan kam karna chahiye.”

20. Hindi Grammar ke Mahatvapurn Rules

  1. Vakya hamesha ek vishay aur ek kriya ke bina poora nahi hota.
  2. Sangya aur Sarvanaam ke anusar kriya ka roop badalta hai.
  3. Visheshan hamesha sangya/sarvanaam ke saath hota hai.
  4. Alankar aur Samaas se Hindi ko adhik rochak banaya ja sakta hai.

9. वाक्य (Sentence)

Definition / Paribhasha:
Vākya ek aisa shabdon ka samūh hai jo pūri aur spasht soch ko vyakt kare. Agar shabdon ka samūh apna arth pūra na kare, to use vāky nahi kaha ja sakta.

Example (Udāharan):

  • राम स्कूल जाता है। (Ye ek complete vākya hai)
  • अगर मैं कहूँ – “राम स्कूल…” → iska arth अधूरा hai.

Vākya ke Pramukh Bhed

  1. विधेय वाक्य (Declarative Sentence):
    • Jismein bas ek fact ya information di jati hai.
    • Example: Mujhe Hindi padhni pasand hai.
  2. प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य (Interrogative Sentence):
    • Jismein prashn poocha jaye.
    • Example: Kya tum kal school ja rahe ho?
  3. आज्ञा वाक्य (Imperative Sentence):
    • Jismein aadesh, anurodh ya sujhav ho.
    • Example: Paani lao.
  4. विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य (Exclamatory Sentence):
    • Jismein surprise, khushi ya dukh ho.
    • Example: Wah! Kitna sundar phool hai!

10. विराम चिन्ह (Punctuation Marks)

Hindi grammar me Viram Chinh (Punctuation Marks) bahut important hote hain kyunki yeh likhi hui baaton ko spasht banate hain.

Main Viram Chinh aur Unka Prayog:

  1. पूर्ण विराम (।) – Sentence ke end me use hota hai.
    • Example: Ram school jaata hai।
  2. प्रश्नवाचक चिन्ह (?) – Question ke liye.
    • Example: Kya tum khush ho?
  3. विस्मयादिबोधक चिन्ह (!) – Surprise ya emotion ke liye.
    • Example: Wah! Bahut accha kaam kiya.
  4. अल्पविराम (,) – Chhote pause ke liye.
    • Example: Ram, Shyam aur Mohan dost hain.
  5. अर्धविराम (;) – Badi line ko alag dikhane ke liye.
    • Example: Maine ek kitab padi; usmein bahut gyaan tha.
  6. उद्धरण चिन्ह (“ ”) – Kise quote karte waqt.
    • Example: Guruji ne kaha – “Mehnat hi safalta ki kunji hai.”

11. संधि (Sandhi)

Paribhasha:
Jab do shabd aapas me milkar apna roop badalte hain to ise Sandhi kaha jata hai.

Types of Sandhi:

  1. स्वर संधि (Swar Sandhi):
    • Do swar milkar naya roop dete hain.
    • Example: गुरु + उदय = गुरूदय
  2. व्यंजन संधि (Vyanjan Sandhi):
    • Do vyanjan milkar naya roop dete hain.
    • Example: तत् + कार्यम् = तत्कार्यम्
  3. विसर्ग संधि (Visarga Sandhi):
    • Jab visarga (ः) ka roop badalta hai.
    • Example: रामः + इति = राम इति

निष्कर्ष (Conclusion)

Hindi Grammar (हिन्दी व्याकरण) ek bahut hi vast aur gahra subject hai jo sirf language learning ka ek part nahi hai balki communication aur personality development ka ek strong base hai. Agar aap Hindi Grammar ko ache se samajh lete hain to aapki likhne ki style (writing skills), bolne ki ability (speaking skills) aur samajhne ki power (understanding skills) sabhi improve ho jaate hain.

Is article me humne Hindi Grammar ke har important topic par detail me discussion kiya hai – Varnamala, Shabd, Vaakya, Sangya, Sarvanaam, Visheshan, Kriya, Kaal, Sandhi, Samas, Alankar, Muhavare aur Lokoktiyan. Ye sabhi topics ek dusre se jude hue hain aur milkar Hindi ko complete aur samriddh banate hain.

👉 Hindi Grammar ko seekhne ka best tarika hai regular practice aur examples ke saath study karna. Aap agar roj ke kuch minutes bhi Hindi vyakaran ko dete hain to dheere-dheere aapki command language par strong ho jaayegi.

Aaj ke time me jab English kaafi dominant ho gayi hai, tab bhi Hindi Grammar ki apni alag pehchaan aur mahatva hai. Hindi ko samajhne aur usse pyaar karne ke liye humein uske grammar ko seekhna zaroori hai.

Final Thought:
“Vyakarana ke bina bhasha adhoori hai, aur vyakaran ke saath bhasha sundar aur samriddh ban jaati hai.”

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